To understand the perceptions of the target market your business deals with, you should conduct customer awareness surveys with an appropriate questionnaire. With the right questions, you can make your potential customers identify the correct products or services of your business. You can have a detailed analysis survey with the help of an appropriate set of questions. Use ready-made questionnaire templates to avoid any confusion.
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In 1999, the sample design expanded to include all 50 states and the District of Columbia. In 2002, the name of the survey changed from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse to NSDUH. The survey also began including a $30 incentive for respondents. The most recent updates are changes in the sampling design (2014) and the questionnaire (2015). More information about the questionnaire changes can be found here.
In recent times, several studies appeared that approached consumer level food waste production from the aspect of attitudes and behavioral elements (Evans 2012; Koivupuro et al. 2012; Williams et al. 2012; Ganglbauer et al. 2013; Abeliotis et al. 2014; Graham-Rowe et al. 2014; Parizeau et al. 2015; Mallinson et al. 2016; Djekic et al. 2019). Besides attitudes, lack of knowledge is also a significant problem, and even informed consumers have trouble with implementing their knowledge during their everyday activities (Porpino et al. 2016). Researchers tend to agree that changing consumer behavior by raising awareness and putting routine activities in a different light are key factors in enhancing the sustainability of the food chain (Evans 2011; Farr Wharton et al. 2014; Stancu et al. 2016; Stangherlin and Barcellos 2018). The Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO) started its household-level food waste prevention program, called Wasteless (Maradék nélkül) in 2016 based upon these principles. This communication program has been supported by research elements from the beginning. To get an accurate picture of the quantity of household food waste, a measurement was conducted in 2016 with the standardized EU methodology (FUSIONS 2014), which is now integrated into the Supplementing Directive of EU (EC 2019). The survey was based on physical weighing of food waste. As a result of this research, we found that an average Hungarian consumer generates 68 kg of food waste annually, of which 49% could have been avoidable (Szabó-Bódi et al. 2018). A similar measurement was conducted in a recent study in Greece (Abeliotis et al. 2019). They revealed that the estimated per capita food waste generation in their country is 76.1 kg annually. Concerning our research, the proportion of certain meals and food types in the wastage was also measured, as well as the frequency of certain valorization methods (such as composting and animal feed). These pieces of information were essential in defining target indicators in food waste reduction, but did not explain the roots of consumer behavior that resulted in an excessive amount of food waste. For a better understanding, we formulated two hypotheses based on key findings from recent literature (Mondéjar-Jiménez et al. 2016) and tested them in another consumer research that used quantitative methodology:
Although statistically significant differences in regard of sex, level of awareness, and living with child under 6 years of age could not be detected, our results still indicate a likely relation between these variables and food wastage that may be validated by the increase of the sample size (Table 5).
The Nutri-Score therefore appears useful in raising awareness of nutrition among Moroccan consumers, improving their understanding of the nutritional quality of foods, stimulating the purchase of healthier foods and having an impact on the nutritional quality of food.
One of main the limits of this study is the method of recruiting subjects, done on a voluntary basis using quotas and not a representative sample of the population. Due to the recruitment method and the questionnaire collection method, the most disadvantaged populations are not or little represented and we have an over-representation of educated populations. Caution should therefore be exercised in extrapolating the results to the general Moroccan population. Even if it was demonstrated in studies performed in France [32, 35, 36] that the effect of Nutri-Score was particularly clear in disadvantaged populations (subjects with low socio-economic level, lower educational level and lower nutrition knowledge) further studies are needed to confirm the potential beneficial effects of Nutri-Score on vulnerable populations in different countries.
The results of this study indicate a high level of awareness of the environmental impact of red and processed meat consumption and three-quarters of participants reported that they have already started to limit these foods. On the other hand, a quarter of participants reported being in the pre-contemplation stage of change for this behaviour indicating that there are some individuals who are resistant to reducing meat consumption. Barriers to reducing meat consumption include a strong attachment to the taste and familiarity of meat [36, 66] and the belief that personally reducing meat consumption will not make a significant difference on a global scale [42]. Those with a strong attachment to meat consumption may deny its negative impacts to reduce their cognitive dissonance [67]. For consumers resistant to reducing meat consumption it may be better to promote replacing conventional red and processed meat products with lower environmental impact alternatives such as white meat and sustainable fish which have been shown to be more readily accepted than plant-based protein sources [40]. As almost two-thirds of participants reported choosing sustainable fish some or most of the time and most participants reported consuming fish at least once per week, sustainable fish may be a culturally acceptable alternative to meat.
Government policy also has potential to make organic agriculture more economically viable for farmers [74]. Although choosing organic produce has a significant environmental benefit, it was perceived to have the lowest environmental benefit of all of the recommendations and only a third of participants have started to adopt this behaviour. The higher price and lack of availability in supermarkets have previously been identified as barriers to consumers purchasing organic products [75, 76] therefore, reducing the price may increase willingness to adopt this behaviour amongst consumers who perceive this behaviour to be important. However, a third of participants reported being in the pre-contemplation and contemplation stage of change therefore it is clear that strategies to raise awareness of the environmental impact of conventional farming methods and the benefits of organic farming are also needed.
This study employed a self-recruit sampling method which has the limitation that those with an interest in the topic may be more inclined to take part [93]. Additionally, the study recruited participants primarily from the Environment Agency employees who may be more aware of sustainability issues than the general public due to the nature of their employment. Our sample included a higher proportion of females and university educated individuals which is a common limitation of studies in this field. The sample was also concentrated in several urban regions of England, therefore is not representative of consumers living in rural areas or in other parts of the UK.
The conclusions of this study are that participants are aware of the environmental benefit associated with adopting various sustainable dietary recommendations, although they may not fully understand which behaviours offer the largest environmental benefit. The results indicate that dietary guidelines and campaigns promoting sustainable diets should focus on raising awareness of the environmental benefit of prioritising plant-based proteins and choosing organic produce rather than packaging and food waste as consumers are already aware of these issues. However, these findings are limited to the study sample which is not representative of all UK consumers. Further research is therefore recommended to target other population groups such as older consumers, those in rural communities or manual work as well as consumers in other parts of the UK.
A high level of engagement with sustainable diet recommendations was observed overall which indicates that dietary guidelines incorporating sustainability aspects may be well-accepted by consumers within our sample, although further research would be needed to confirm this. Conversely, several behaviours were identified that participants were ready to adopt but were unable to do so, such as buying local and organic produce and reducing consumption of air-freighted foods. This finding suggests a need for further governmental policy and industry action to reduce some of the barriers associated with buying sustainably produced and transported foods. Further research is recommended to explore these barriers and potential solutions.
Handan is a typical third-tier city in China, and the regional central city for a key construction area, which therefore is suitable for research on safety food [16,17,18]. Food safety qualification rates in the city are not stable and food safety is a major public health problem in this area. Therefore, the current study investigated food safety knowledge and attitudes of vendors and consumers of street food in Handan city from June to August 2016. The study included four districts: Hanshan (HS), Congtai (CT), Fuxing (FX), and High-tech Industries Development Zone (HIDZ), and included 100 street vendors, 240 consumers, and 90 street vending stalls (See Additional files 1, 2, 3 for details). The number of street vendors and consumers were evenly distributed between the four districts. Structured written questionnaires were used to assess food safety knowledge and attitudes of consumers and vendors, and a checklist was used to evaluate street vendor food handling behaviors. 2ff7e9595c
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